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Mexico's dual approach at the southern border : clash of realism and humanitarianism
Vrchota, Petr ; Kozák, Kryštof (advisor) ; Ditrych, Ondřej (referee)
In my thesis I will show the case of Mexico, a country that is struggling hard to fulfill its principles of national security - one of the most characteristic features of Mexico's policies. Simultaneously, Mexico is making efforts to fulfill human rights' obligations of both its nationals and foreigners. Increasingly especially since the turn of the millennia, the United States has been fortifying its border with Mexico with the aim to prevent the Mexican and other immigrants reaching the United States illegally. Yet, hard-line border controls and migration-related policies have not been adopted solely by the United States, but also Mexico has played a dominant role in fortifying its border areas, especially along the southern border with Belize and Guatemala. My research questions would then focus on what is driving Mexico to adopt dual approach towards Central American migrants along Mexico's southern border, and why is Mexico balancing between realistic principles of national security and human rights' obligations, which has espoused by signing and ratifying international conventions?
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Molecular mechanisms of regulation of trafficking and function of different subtypes of NMDA receptors in hippocampal neurons
Skřenková, Kristýna ; Horák, Martin (advisor) ; Balík, Aleš (referee) ; Bendová, Zdeňka (referee)
of Ph.D. thesis Molecular mechanisms of regulation of trafficking and function of different subtypes of NMDA receptors in hippocampal neurons Mgr. Kristýna Skřenková N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that play a key role in the mammalian central nervous system. Under physiological conditions, these receptors are important for excitatory synaptic transmission and memory formation. However, under pathological conditions, their abnormal regulation or activation may lead to many neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy or schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown that the number and type of NMDA receptors on the cell surface are regulated at multiple levels, including their synthesis, folding, internalization or degradation. During the trafficking of NMDA receptors to the cell surface membrane, both the agonist binding and receptor activation are examined. Moreover, NMDA receptors undergo many posttranslational modifications such as palmitoylation, phosphorylation or N-glycosylation. In this thesis, we studied the molecular mechanisms that may affect the trafficking and functional properties of NMDA receptors in mammalian cells and rat hippocampal neurons. Specifically, we studied i)...
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Glutamate Receptors and Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control
Tachezy, Ruth ; Horák, Martin (advisor) ; Adámek, Pavel (referee)
Quality control (QC) is a collection of processes taking part in the biogenesis and architecture of proteins. The objective of this thesis is to describe these processes in detail. QC takes place on many different levels in various compartments of the cell. The focus is on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) QC interconnected with cytosolic QC. There are multiple steps involved in ERQC: several types of protein translocation to the ER lumen, glycosylation, disulfide bond formation via protein disulfide isomerase, chaperones that assist to achieve a correct conformation, and ER- associated degradation pathway for retranslocation of misfolded proteins back to the cytoplasm, where they are degraded. Cytosolic QC is interconnected with the ERQC through various ways of translocation of proteins to the ER membrane or lumen. Proteins that are retranslocated from ER to the cytosol are ubiquitinated and subsequently degraded in the proteasome. Ubiquitination is a process of targeting a protein for degradation. Cytosolic chaperones and other cellular structures, such as aggresomes, juxtanuclear compartments, and insoluble protein deposits, take part in the ubiquitination. Calcium dysregulation that is linked to QC and correct protein folding in ER is also described. Some of the possible consequences of protein...
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Trafficking of purinergic P2X receptor in eukaryotic cell
Pražák, Šimon ; Tvrdoňová, Vendula (advisor) ; Kolář, David (referee)
Purinergic receptors are membrane ion channels activated by extracellular ATP. In vertebrates, seven genes encoding P2X subunits was found. These subunits are designated as P2X1 - 7. Every P2X receptor subunit consists of two transmembrane domains, extracellular domain and intracellular N- and C- termini. P2X receptors fold to homo- or heterotrimers. P2X receptors have a wide distribution in the organism, functional receptors are found in neurons, glial cells, muscle cells and also in nonexcitable tissues as epithelial, endothelial, and in hemopoietic tissue. Purinergic signalling plays an important role in pain transmission, CNS injury and immune processes. P2X receptors are synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are transported to the plasma membrane after post-translational modifications in the Golgi apparatus. The distribution and transport of P2X receptors is subunit specific and dependent on the cell type in which they are expressed. P2X receptors can be divided into three groups according to the way they are moved in the cell, which differ in transport speed, plasma membrane accumulation rate and rate of internalization.
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Mexico's dual approach at the southern border : clash of realism and humanitarianism
Vrchota, Petr ; Kozák, Kryštof (advisor) ; Ditrych, Ondřej (referee)
In my thesis I will show the case of Mexico, a country that is struggling hard to fulfill its principles of national security - one of the most characteristic features of Mexico's policies. Simultaneously, Mexico is making efforts to fulfill human rights' obligations of both its nationals and foreigners. Increasingly especially since the turn of the millennia, the United States has been fortifying its border with Mexico with the aim to prevent the Mexican and other immigrants reaching the United States illegally. Yet, hard-line border controls and migration-related policies have not been adopted solely by the United States, but also Mexico has played a dominant role in fortifying its border areas, especially along the southern border with Belize and Guatemala. My research questions would then focus on what is driving Mexico to adopt dual approach towards Central American migrants along Mexico's southern border, and why is Mexico balancing between realistic principles of national security and human rights' obligations, which has espoused by signing and ratifying international conventions?
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Mouse polyomavirus: The role of cell cytoskeleton in virus endosomal trafficking and properties of the minor capsid proteins
Žíla, Vojtěch ; Forstová, Jitka (advisor) ; Hozák, Pavel (referee) ; Rumlová, Michaela (referee)
Mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) is a non-enveloped DNA tumor virus, which replicates in the host cell nucleus. MPyV enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and its subsequent transport towards the nucleus requires acidic environment of endosomes and intact microtubules, which are important for virus delivery to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In ER, capsid disassembly and uncoating of viral genome take place. The mechanism of subsequent translocation of viral genome from ER into nucleoplasm is still only poorly understood process with predicted involvement of cellular factors and viral minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. Once the genome appears in the nucleus, early viral antigens are produced and mediate suitable environment for replication of viral genomes. After replication of viral DNA and morphogenesis of virions, virus progeny is released from the cells during its lysis. The research presented in the first part of thesis focused on intracellular transport of MPyV and involvement of cytoskeletal networks during virus delivery to the ER. In particular, we investigated still unclear role of microtubules during virus trafficking in endosomes, and involvement of microtubular motors. We found that MPyV trafficking leading to productive infection does not require the function of kinesin-1 and kinesin-2,...
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U.S. War on Drugs: Why the repressive approach keeps failing
Ondrejka, Miroslav ; Kozák, Kryštof (advisor) ; Calda, Miloš (referee)
Bachelor thesis U.S. War on Drugs: Why the Repressive Approach Keeps Failing examines historical development, causes and consequences of the hard-line strategy taken by the United States towards consumers of illicit drugs. It highlights key moments in the U.S. drug war from its inception in 1970's until today. It also identifies the main reasons, why the repressive tactics does not bring desired effects in terms of stopping the flow of illegal drugs to the United States and keeping the price of narcotics high. First of all, the study examines the historical context and then follows the analysis of both home and international dimension of the War on Drugs. In the last chapter, it focuses on broader political and system causes, why the United States has not changed its drug policy significantly, despite its long-lasting failures. At the end of the bachelor thesis alternative approaches towards more ballanced and efficient antidrug strategy are mentioned as well.
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Human Trafficking in Russia in European and international context
Pojman, Petr ; Kubát, Michal (advisor) ; Svoboda, Karel (referee)
In this work I deal mainly with tree aspects of human trafficking in Russian Federation. In the criminological perspective I focused on the process in which women become victim of human trafficking. Likewise, I am trying to characterize organized crime and principles of its operation in Russia. Both of these aspects are described in the context of security, political, economic and social situation in both the destination and source regions. Russia is due to its social, economic and geographical situation transit, source and destination country simultaneously. I specifically focused on international trafficking. National trafficking is more latent but it is mentioned in the context of international one. I deal with the situation of victims in particular contexts, which is uses by organized crime to obtain them. There is brief outline of their role in investigating of cases of human trafficking. The main theme of this work is a criminal organization. I especially deal with the ways in which criminal organizations are involved in illegal migration and trafficking women outside the territory of the Russian Federation. The work is conceived primarily as a description and analysis of the broader issues related to human trafficking in Russia, particularly in international and European context. Usually do...
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